Mikroskop:20084/annot
Z WikiSkript
[
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"idx": "20084+",
"txt_cz": "0. Lymfatick\u00e1 uzlina",
"txt_en": "Lymph nodes",
"desc_cz": "Lymfatick\u00e1 uzlina je na povrchu kryta vazivov\u00fdm obalem z hust\u00e9ho kolagenn\u00edho vaziva. Tvo\u0159\u00ed ji v\u0161echny typy lymfocyt\u016f (B-lymfocyty, T-lymfocyty, makorf\u00e1gy) roztrou\u0161en\u00fdch v retikul\u00e1rn\u00edm vazivu.\n\nUspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed bun\u011bk vmeze\u0159en\u00fdch ve vazivu d\u00e1vaj\u00ed za vznik t\u0159eba oblastem lymfatick\u00e9 uzliny. T\u011bmi jsou kortex, parakotex a d\u0159e\u0148.",
"desc_en": "",
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"txt_cz": "1. Vazivov\u00fd obal",
"txt_en": "1. Capsule",
"desc_cz": "Vazivov\u00fd obal lymfatick\u00e9 uzliny je tvo\u0159en hust\u00fdm kolagenn\u00edm neuspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00fdm vazivem. Obaluje lymfatickou uzlinu a vyb\u00edh\u00e1 v trabeculy, ve kter\u00fdch prob\u00edhaj\u00ed c\u00e9vy a nervov\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna.\n\nT\u011bsn\u011b pod vazivov\u00fdm obalem nach\u00e1z\u00edme subcapsul\u00e1rn\u00ed siny. ",
"desc_en": "Lymph node capsul e - Fibrous connective tissue.",
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"txt_cz": "2. Kortex",
"txt_en": "kortex",
"desc_cz": "Kortex lymfatick\u00e9 uzliny tvo\u0159\u00ed subkapsul\u00e1rn\u00ed siny a lymfatick\u00e9 uzl\u00edky, folikuly. ",
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"txt_cz": "2.1. Siny",
"txt_en": "2. Siny",
"desc_cz": "Siny v lymfatick\u00e9 uzlin\u011b sb\u00edraj\u00ed m\u00edzu z aferentn\u00edch lymfatick\u00fdch c\u00e9v. M\u00edza jimi n\u00e1sledn\u011b prostupuje do okoln\u00ed lymfatick\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b.\n\nSiny na prepar\u00e1tu rozezn\u00e1v\u00e1me jako sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed \u0161t\u011brbinovit\u00e1 prostory p\u0159emost\u011bn\u00e9 retikul\u00e1rn\u00edmi vl\u00e1kny.",
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"txt_cz": "2.1.1. Subkapsul\u00e1rn\u00ed sinus",
"txt_en": "Subcapsular sinus",
"desc_cz": "Subcapsul\u00e1rn\u00ed sinus se nach\u00e1z\u00ed t\u011bsn\u011b pod vazivov\u00fdm obalem lymfatick\u00e9 uzliny. P\u0159it\u00e9k\u00e1 do nich m\u00edza z aferentn\u00edch m\u00edzn\u00edch c\u00e9v.\n\nZe subcapsul\u00e1rn\u00edch sinu vyb\u00edhaj\u00ed pod\u00e9l trabecul siny paratrabekul\u00e1rn\u00ed (kortik\u00e1ln\u00ed). Siny na prepar\u00e1tu rozezn\u00e1v\u00e1me jako sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed \u0161t\u011brbinovit\u00e9 prostory p\u0159emost\u011bn\u00e9 retikul\u00e1rn\u00edmi vl\u00e1kny.",
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"txt_cz": "2.1.2. Perifolikul\u00e1rn\u00ed (paratrabekul\u00e1rn\u00ed\/korov\u00fd) sinus",
"txt_en": "Perifollicular sinus",
"desc_cz": "Parafolikul\u00e1rn\u00ed (paratrabekul\u00e1rn\u00ed) sinus odstupuje od subkapsul\u00e1rn\u00edch sin\u016f. Lymfa, obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed lymfotycy a antigenprezentuj\u00edc\u00ed bu\u0148ky, z t\u011bchto sin\u016f snadno prosakuje do okoln\u00ed tk\u00e1n\u011b.\n\nSiny na prepar\u00e1tu rozezn\u00e1v\u00e1me jako sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed \u0161t\u011brbinovit\u00e1 prostory p\u0159emost\u011bn\u00e9 retikul\u00e1rn\u00edmi vl\u00e1kny.",
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"txt_cz": "2.1.3. Medul\u00e1rn\u00ed sinus",
"txt_en": "Medullary sinus",
"desc_cz": "Medul\u00e1rn\u00ed siny plynule navazuj\u00ed na paratrabekul\u00e1rn\u00ed, kortik\u00e1ln\u00ed, siny a v hilu se napojuj\u00ed na eferentn\u00ed lymfatick\u00e9 c\u00e9vy Jsou to dilatovan\u00e9 prostory mezi d\u0159e\u0148ov\u00fdmi provazci. V jejich lumen se nach\u00e1z\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165 retikul\u00e1rn\u00edch vl\u00e1ken, kter\u00e1 slou\u017e\u00ed k filtraci lymfy. \n\nMedul\u00e1rn\u00ed siny obsahuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed makrof\u00e1g\u016f a granulocyt\u016f.",
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"txt_cz": "2.2. Lymfatick\u00e9 folikuly",
"txt_en": "lymhatic nodule",
"desc_cz": "Lymfatick\u00e9 folikuly jsou tvo\u0159eny nakupen\u00fdmi vyv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edmi se B-lymfocty. Obsahuj\u00ed t\u00e9\u017e makrof\u00e1gy, kter\u00e9 fagocytuj\u00ed nov\u011b formovan\u00e9 defektn\u00ed B-lymfocty podl\u00e9haj\u00edc\u00ed apopt\u00f3ze. \n\nLymfatick\u00e9 folikuly m\u016f\u017eeme rozd\u011blovat na prim\u00e1rn\u00ed (\u010dern\u00e9 \u0161ipky) a sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed (zelen\u00e9 \u0161ipky). Prim\u00e1rn\u00ed folikuly jsou oproti sekund\u00e1rn\u00edm tmav\u0161\u00ed a nemaj\u00ed centrum germinativum. Sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed folikuly maj\u00ed sv\u011btl\u00e9 j\u00e1dro, centrum germinativum, v n\u011bm\u017e se nach\u00e1z\u00ed aktivovan\u00e9 vyv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se B-lymfocyty a tmavou pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165ovou z\u00f3nu. Pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1 z\u00f3na obsahuje diferencovan\u00e9 B-lymfocyty.",
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"txt_cz": "2.2.1. Centrum germinativum",
"txt_en": "Germinal center",
"desc_cz": "Centrum germinativum nach\u00e1z\u00edme u sekund\u00e1rn\u00edch lymfatick\u00fdch folikul\u016f. Obsahuje aktivovan\u00e9 vyv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se B-lymfocyty. Bu\u0148ky vykazuj\u00ed zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed objemu cytoplazmy a jemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed chromatinovou strukturu j\u00e1dra, co\u017e podmi\u0148uje jeho sv\u011btlej\u0161\u00ed vzhled oproti pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165ov\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b.",
"desc_en": "Germinal center is made of proliferating B lymphocytes (they are under relation of T-lymphocytes, which accepted competent antigen). Larger amount of cytoplasm and finely granular chromatin structure are responsible for more lightely appearance of germinal centers.",
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"txt_cz": "2.2.2. Pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1 z\u00f3na",
"txt_en": "Mantle zone",
"desc_cz": "Pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165ovou z\u00f3nu nach\u00e1z\u00edme u sekund\u00e1rn\u00edho lymfatick\u00e9ho folikulu. Na prepar\u00e1tu m\u00e1 tmav\u0161\u00ed barvu ne\u017e centrum germinativum.",
"desc_en": "Mantle zone B cell, Naive B cells , before somatic hypermutation.",
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"txt_cz": "3. Paracortex",
"txt_en": "3. Paracortex",
"desc_cz": "Parakortex se nach\u00e1z\u00ed mezi k\u016frou a d\u0159en\u00ed. Narozd\u00edl od k\u016fry neobsahuje lymfatick\u00e9 uzl\u00edky. Parakortex je bohat\u00fd na lymfocyty, zejm\u00e9na na T-lymfocyty. Pro parakortex jsou t\u00e9\u017e typick\u00e9 venuly s vysok\u00fdm endotelem.",
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},
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"idx": "20084+",
"txt_cz": "3.1. Venula s vysok\u00fdm endothelem",
"txt_en": "HEV",
"desc_cz": "Venuly s vysok\u00fdm endotelem se typicky vyskytuj\u00ed v paracortexu. Jsou velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 nebo\u0165 jsou vstupn\u00ed branou a\u017e pro 90% v\u0161ech lymfocyt\u016f, kter\u00e9 se dostanou do lymfatick\u00e9ho folikulu. bu\u0148ky endotelu jsou nezvykle vysok\u00e9, a\u017e kubick\u00e9.",
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"txt_cz": "4. D\u0159e\u0148",
"txt_en": "medulla",
"desc_cz": "D\u0159e\u0148 lymfatick\u00e9 uzliny se nach\u00e1z\u00ed pod parakortexem. Je tvo\u0159ena d\u0159e\u0148ov\u00fdmi provazci (\u010dern\u00e9 \u0161ipky) a d\u0159e\u0148ov\u00fdmi siny (\u017elut\u00e9 \u0161ipky). \n\nD\u0159e\u0148ov\u00e9 provazce jsou anastom\u00f3zuj\u00edc\u00ed tr\u00e1mce lymfatick\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b. Obsahuj\u00ed velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed T-lymfocyt\u016f a B-lymfocyt\u016f.\n\n",
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},
{
"idx": "20084+",
"txt_cz": "Aferentn\u00ed lymfatick\u00e1 c\u00e9va",
"txt_en": "Afferent lymph vessel",
"desc_cz": "",
"desc_en": "",
"insert_who": "Gurka",
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"idx": "20084+",
"txt_cz": "Arteriola",
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},
{
"idx": "20084+",
"txt_cz": "Endotelov\u00e1 bu\u0148ka",
"txt_en": "Endothelial cell",
"desc_cz": "Endotelov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky maj\u00ed polygon\u00e1ln\u00ed tvar a jsou prot\u00e1hl\u00e9 ve sm\u011bru osy c\u00e9vy. J\u00e1dra jsou ov\u00e1ln\u00e1 a maj\u00ed hrubou chromatinovou strukturu. Endotelov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z angioblast\u016f krevn\u00edch ostruvk\u016f, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed z mezechymu. Endotelov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky reguluj\u00ed tonus krevn\u00ed c\u00e9vy a pr\u016ftok krve sekrec\u00ed faktor\u016f ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch kontrakci hladk\u00e9 svaloviny.\n",
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},
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"idx": "20084+",
"txt_cz": "Fibroblast",
"txt_en": "Fibroblast",
"desc_cz": "Fibroblast m\u00e1 charakteristicky v\u0159etenovit\u00fd tvar a men\u0161\u00ed po\u010det v\u00fdb\u011b\u017ek\u016f. Bu\u0148ka je uzav\u0159en\u00e1 v ECM. Sv\u011btl\u00e9 j\u00e1dro s jemn\u00edm granul\u00e1rn\u00edm heterochromatinem a v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm nukleolem je morfologick\u00fdm v\u00fdrazem vysok\u00e9 transkrip\u011bn\u00ed aktivity.",
"desc_en": "F ibroblast - notice majority of euchromatin and distinct nucleolus , reflecting high transcriptional activity.",
"insert_who": "Vik\u010da Peku.rom",
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"idx": "20084+",
"txt_cz": "Makrof\u00e1g",
"txt_en": "Macrophage",
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"desc_en": "",
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},
{
"idx": "20084+",
"txt_cz": "Nodus lymphaticus",
"txt_en": "Lymph node",
"desc_cz": "Lymfatick\u00e9 uzliny jsou opouzd\u0159en\u00e9 org\u00e1ny, u nich\u017e rozli\u0161ujeme k\u016fru a d\u0159e\u0148. Stroma uzliny je tvo\u0159eno retikul\u00e1rn\u00edm vazivem, tvo\u0159en\u00fdm retikul\u00e1rn\u00edmi fibroblasty, maj\u00edc\u00ed funkci fixn\u00edch makrof\u00e1g\u00f9, a retikul\u00e1rn\u00edmi vl\u00e1kny. Po cel\u00e9 uzlin\u00ec jsou tak roztrou\u017eeny voln\u00e9 nebo fixn\u00ed makrof\u00e1gy jako v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 antigen prezentuj\u00edc\u00ed bu\u0148ky.",
"desc_en": "K\u00f9ra obsahuje shluky B-lymfocyt\u00f9, kter\u00e9 naz\u00fdv\u00e1me prim\u00e1rn\u00ed. Sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed B- lymfocyty maj\u00ed po aktivaci z\u00e1rode\u00e8n\u00e9 centrum a ozna\u00e8ujeme je pot\u00e9 jako lymfatick\u00e9 folikuly. Z\u00e1rode\u00e8n\u00e9 centrum ve folikulu vznik\u00e1 pod regula\u00e8n\u00edm p\u00f9soben\u00edm aktivovan\u00fdch T-lymfocyt\u00f9 jako projev aktivace B-lymfocyt\u00f9 ve smyslu diferenciace v lymfoblasty a imunoblasty. \n\n\n\nParakortex obsahuje T-lymfocyty, kter\u00e9 opustily krevn\u00ed ob\u00ech a obsadily periferii lymfatick\u00fdch folikul\u00f9. A\u00e8koliv parakortex nem\u00e1 specifick\u00e9 morfologick\u00e9 ohrani\u00e8en\u00ed, imunocytochemicky lze rozeznat populaci T- od B-lymfocyt\u00f9. \n\n\n\nD\u00f8e\u00f2 je tvo\u00f8ena d\u00f8e\u00f2ov\u00fdmi provazci a lymfatick\u00fdmi sinusy. D\u00f8e\u00f2ov\u00e9 provazce jsou shluky B-lymfocyt\u00f9 a plazmatick\u00fdch bun\u00eck v retikul\u00e1rn\u00edm vazivu mezi lymfatick\u00fdmi sinusy. Pod vazivov\u00fdm pouzdrem uzliny m\u00f9žeme vid\u00ect subkapsul\u00e1rn\u00ed (margin\u00e1ln\u00ed) sinus, kter\u00fd sb\u00edr\u00e1 lymfu z aferentn\u00edch lymfatick\u00fdch c\u00e9v. Z vazivov\u00e9ho pouzdra odstupuj\u00ed do k\u00f9ry v\u00fdb\u00ecžky kolagenn\u00edho vaziva jako ne\u00fapln\u00e1 septa nebo trabekuly. Kolem nich m\u00f9žeme sledovat korov\u00e9 (t\u00e9ž naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 peritrabekul\u00e1rn\u00ed, perifolikul\u00e1rn\u00ed nebo tak\u00e9 interfolikul\u00e1rn\u00ed) sinusy, prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed k\u00f9rou mezi lymfatick\u00fdmi folikuly. D\u00f8e\u00f2ov\u00e9 sinusy navazuj\u00ed na kortik\u00e1ln\u00ed a sm\u00ec\u00f8uj\u00ed k hilu uzliny, kde se spojuj\u00ed v eferentn\u00ed lymfatickou c\u00e9vu (jednu, maxim\u00e1ln\u00ec dv\u00ec). D\u00edky cirkulaci lymfy zajišuje lymfatick\u00e1 uzlina možnost zah\u00e1jen\u00ed imunitn\u00ed odpov\u00ecdi na antigenn\u00ed sign\u00e1ly z dr\u00e9novan\u00e9 oblasti.\n\n\n\nLymph nodes are encapsulated organs divided into the cortex and medulla. The stroma is made up of reticular fibers and reticular fibroblasts with function of fixed macrophages. Throughout the node free and fixed macrophages and other antigen presenting cells (APCs) are dispersed. \n\n\n\nThe cortex contains aggregations of B cells in primary lymphoid nodules or with germinal centers as secondary lymphoid nodules. The germinal centers are signs of B cell activation (under the regulation of activated T lymphocytes which detect antigens and amplify the immune response) and their differentiation into lymphoblast and immunoblasts (plasmoblasts). \n\n\n\nThe paracortex (paracortical or thymodependent zone) contains T cells leaving blood circulation and colonized periphery of aggregated B cells. Since the paracortex is not defined by specific boundaries, immunohistochemistry can distinguish between T amd B populations of the cortex. \n\n\n\nThe medulla is composed of cords and lymphatic sinuses. Medullary cords are aggregates of B and plasma cells in the reticular connective tissue between the medullary sinuses. Beneath the capsule can be observed subcapsular (also called marginal) sinus which collects lymph from the afferent lymph vessels. Trabeculae or incomplete septs extend from the capsule and penetrate into the cortex. Cortical (also called peritrabecular, perifollicular or interfollicular) sinuses follow the trabeculae through the cortex as well as run between the lymphoid nodules. Medullary sinuses are connected with the cortical sinuses and join together at the hilum to drain lymph into the efferent lymph vessel (one or two only). By circulating the lymph, lymph nodes present the opportunity of initiating an immune response from antigen signals.",
"insert_who": "Vik\u010da Peku.rom",
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"idx": "20084+",
"txt_cz": "Plazmatick\u00e1 bu\u0148ka",
"txt_en": "Plasma cell",
"desc_cz": "Pln\u011b diferencovan\u00fd plazmocyt je aktivovan\u00fd B-lymfocyt. M\u00e1 typicky excentrick\u00e9 j\u00e1dro a louko\u0165ovit\u00fd vzhled chromatinu.",
"desc_en": "Plasma cell - notice accentric nucleus, clock face chromatin.",
"insert_who": "IvaG",
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