Mikroskop:20058/annot
Z WikiSkript
[
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"idx": "20058+",
"txt_cz": "1. K\u016fra ledviny",
"txt_en": "cortex renalis",
"desc_cz": "K\u016fra ledviny se nach\u00e1z\u00ed pod vazivov\u00fdm obalem a p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed ve d\u0159e\u0148. V ledvinn\u00e9 k\u016f\u0159e se nach\u00e1z\u00ed ledvinn\u00e9 t\u011bl\u00edsko, proxim\u00e1ln\u00ed a dist\u00e1ln\u00ed tubuly.",
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"txt_cz": "1.1. Proxim\u00e1ln\u00ed tubulus",
"txt_en": "Proximal tubule",
"desc_cz": "Proxim\u00e1ln\u00ed tubulus je tvo\u0159en kubick\u00fdmi a\u017e cylindrick\u00fdmi bu\u0148kami (s nerovn\u00fdm pr\u016fb\u011bhem later\u00e1ln\u00edch okraj\u016f), kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed na apik\u00e1ln\u00edm povrchu kart\u00e1\u010dov\u00fd (\u017e\u00edhan\u00fd) lem - hust\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 mikroklky. Na \u017e\u00edhan\u00fd lem je v\u00e1z\u00e1na p\u0159\u00edtomnost alkalick\u00e9 fosfat\u00e1zy, kter\u00e1 je tak enzymov\u00fdm markerem pr\u016fkazu \u017e\u00edhan\u00e9ho lemu ve sv\u011bteln\u00e9m mikroskopu. Mikroklky pokr\u00fdv\u00e1 glykokalyx (na membr\u00e1nu v\u00e1zan\u00e9 glykolipidy a glykoproteiny). Alkalick\u00e1 fosfat\u00e1za \u0161t\u011bp\u00ed estery kyseliny fosfore\u010dn\u00e9 a spolup\u016fsob\u00ed tak p\u0159i jejich zp\u011btn\u00e9 resorpci v proxim\u00e1ln\u00edm tubulu. \u017e\u00edhan\u00fd lem je znakem resorp\u010dn\u00edho epitelu a mikroklky se zasluhuj\u00ed o mnohon\u00e1sobn\u00e9 zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed membr\u00e1nov\u00e9 plochy resorpce i exkrece. Tak jsou transportov\u00e1ny zp\u011bt do krve ionty (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Cl - ), gluk\u00f3za, sulf\u00e1ty, lakt\u00e1ty, aminokyseliny a prov\u00e1z\u00ed je i voda, naopak se do lumina secernuj\u00ed vod\u00edkov\u00e9 a amonn\u00e9 ionty, r\u016fzn\u00e9 metabolity i n\u011bkter\u00e9 l\u00e9ky. Transport iont\u016f p\u0159es membr\u00e1nu, nap\u0159\u00edklad aktivn\u00ed transport Na + a K + pomoc\u00ed Na,K- ATP\u00e1zy, vy\u017eaduje energii, proto se zde p\u0159i baz\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti bun\u011bk nalez\u00e1 mnoho mitochondri\u00ed zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00edch zdroj energie. P\u0159\u00edtomnost v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho po\u010dtu mitochondri\u00ed zp\u016fsobuje acidofilii cytoplazmy a z\u00e1rove\u0148 radi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u017e\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed. Bu\u0148ky proxim\u00e1ln\u00edho tubulu jsou navz\u00e1jem v kontaktu invaginacemi, a proto se n\u00e1m ve sv\u011bteln\u00e9m mikroskopu neda\u0159\u00ed identifikovat bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 hranice. Jeho lumen je v mikroskopu v\u011bt\u0161inou trojc\u00edp\u00e9, \u010di \u0161t\u011brbinovit\u00e9 a s n\u00e1padn\u00fdm kart\u00e1\u010dov\u00fdm lemem (dob\u0159e viditeln\u00fdm p\u0159i histochemick\u00e9m pr\u016fkazu alkalick\u00e9 fosfat\u00e1zy, kde barevn\u00e1 (nap\u0159. \u010dervenohn\u011bd\u00e1) sra\u017eenina dokumentuje aktivitu enzymu).\n\nDana Vok\u0159\u00e1lov\u00e1, 3008, email: Dada.77@seznam.cz ",
"desc_en": "The proximal tubule is formed by cuboidal or columnar cells (with undulating lateral borders), which have a brush border on the apical surface composed of densely arranged regular microvilli with membrane bound alkaline phosphatase and a glycocalyx (a mixture of linear glycolipids and glycoproteins). Alkaline phosphatase participates in the reabsorption of cleaved phosphate esters in the proximal tubule. The alkaline phosphatase reaction product is a marker of absorbtive epithelium. Microvilli increase the surface area for absorption and excretion. Transported back into the blood are ions (Na + , K + , Ca 2+ , Cl - ), glucose, sulfates, lactates, amino acids, and water. The tubules secrete hydrogen and ammonium ions, various metabolites, and some drugs. Transport of ions across the membrane, such as the active transport of Na + and K + with Na \/ K-ATPase, requires energy and therefore many mitochondria are basally located providing the energy supply. The p resence of plenty of mitochondria cause s an acidophil ic cytoplasm and typical radial striation s at the basal region of cells. Proximal tubul ar cells are interconnected by lateral interdigitations and thus may appear confluent under the microscope. Microscopically, the lumen appears slit-like or triangular, \"filled\" with a brush border (visible in immunohistochemical methods of alkaline phosphatase where the color precipitate demonstrates the activity of this enzyme).\n\nMichaela Varys, 3053, email: varys.michaela@gmail.com ",
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"txt_cz": "1.2. Dist\u00e1ln\u00ed tubulus",
"txt_en": "Distal tubule",
"desc_cz": "Dist\u00e1ln\u00ed tubulus m\u00e1 podobnou strukturu jako tlust\u00fd segment Henleovy kli\u010dky, je tvo\u0159en pravideln\u00fdmi kubick\u00fdmi a\u017e cylindrick\u00fdmi bu\u0148kami, postr\u00e1d\u00e1 kart\u00e1\u010dov\u00fd lem a na lumin\u00e1ln\u00edm povrchu m\u016f\u017eeme nal\u00e9zt pouze nepravideln\u011b rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 mikroklky. V m\u00edst\u011b p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed dist\u00e1ln\u00edho tubulu ke c\u00e9vn\u00edmu p\u00f3lu corpusculum renale jsou specializovan\u00e9 bu\u0148ky macula densa, kter\u00e9 funguj\u00ed jako osmoreceptory, registruj\u00ed osmotickou koncentraci mo\u010di. V dist\u00e1ln\u00edm tubulu se tak\u00e9 vst\u0159eb\u00e1vaj\u00ed a secernuj\u00ed ionty i mo\u010dovina, kter\u00e1 p\u0159isp\u00edv\u00e1 ke zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed osmotick\u00e9 koncentrace mo\u010di.\n\nDana Vok\u0159\u00e1lov\u00e1, 3008, email: Dada.77@seznam.cz ",
"desc_en": "The distal convoluted tubule has a similar structure as the thick segment of Henle\u00b4s loop. It is composed of cuboidal cells with unevenly distributed microvilli that are too sparse to be called as a brush border. In one area o posing the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle, the distal tubule is lined by tall specialized cells called the macula densa. The macula densa acts as osmoreceptor s and registers urine osmotic composition. The distal tubule absorbs and secretes ions and urea, which are responsible for the osmolality of urine.\n\nMichaela Varys, 3053, email: varys.michaela@gmail.com ",
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"txt_cz": "2. D\u0159e\u0148 ledviny",
"txt_en": "Renal medulla",
"desc_cz": "Medulla renalis vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pyramidae renales (\u017elut\u011b) a sm\u011brem k hilu ledviny vyb\u00edh\u00e1 v papillae renales. Obsahuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm Henleyovy kli\u010dky a sb\u011brac\u00ed kan\u00e1lky.",
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"txt_cz": "Corpusculum renale",
"txt_en": "Renal corpuscle",
"desc_cz": "Nefron za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 jako corpusculum renale, kter\u00e9 je tvo\u0159eno syst\u00e9mem kapil\u00e1r - glomerulem. Jde o kapil\u00e1ry, jejich\u017e p\u0159\u00edvodn\u00e1 a odvodn\u00e1 c\u00e9va jsou t\u00e9ho\u017e typu - rete mirabile arteriosum - a jejich endotelov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky jsou vybaveny p\u00f3ry bez diafragmy. Kapil\u00e1ry jsou obklopeny Bowmannov\u00fdm pouzdrem, kter\u00e9 m\u00e1 dva listy - viscer\u00e1ln\u00ed, tvo\u0159en\u00fd podocyty, je\u017e nal\u00e9haj\u00ed na baz\u00e1ln\u00ed membr\u00e1nu kapil\u00e1r a pariet\u00e1ln\u00ed, slo\u017een\u00fd z jednovrstevn\u00e9ho dla\u017edicov\u00e9ho epitelu. Mezi ob\u011bma listy je mo\u010dov\u00fd prostor, kam se ultrafiltruje krevn\u00ed plazma jako prim\u00e1rn\u00ed ultrafiltr\u00e1t (\u010di star\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1zvem prim\u00e1rn\u00ed mo\u010d) (za norm\u00e1ln\u00edch okolnost\u00ed neprostupuj\u00ed b\u00edlkoviny). Corpusculum renale m\u00e1 krevn\u00ed a mo\u010dov\u00fd p\u00f3l. V c\u00e9vn\u00edm p\u00f3lu do n\u011bj vstupuje vas afferens, vystupuje vas efferens a nach\u00e1z\u00ed se tu juxtaglomerul\u00e1rn\u00ed apar\u00e1t jako v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 autoregula\u010dn\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ledviny. Jsou zde produkov\u00e1ny renin (regulace krevn\u00edho tlaku) a erytropoetin (\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed erytropo\u00e9zy). Pariet\u00e1ln\u00ed list Bowmannova pouzdra, ohrani\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed mo\u010dov\u00fd prostor, pokra\u010duje v mo\u010dov\u00e9m p\u00f3lu do proxim\u00e1ln\u00edho tubulu, vystlan\u00e9ho ji\u017e bu\u0148kami cylindrick\u00fdmi. Viscer\u00e1ln\u00ed list je tvo\u0159en podocyty, z jejich\u017e t\u011bla vyb\u00edhaj\u00ed mohutn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eky a z nich odstupuj\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eky sekund\u00e1rn\u00ed - pedikly. Ty jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny t\u011bsn\u011b vedle sebe (mezi nimi je napnuta diafragma) a obep\u00ednaj\u00ed fenestrovan\u00e9 kapil\u00e1ry glomerula. Mezi pedikly a endotelem kapil\u00e1r nalezneme silnou baz\u00e1ln\u00ed membr\u00e1nu, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se kompletuje filtra\u010dn\u00ed bari\u00e9ra mezi krv\u00ed a mo\u010dov\u00fdm prostorem. V c\u00e9vn\u00edm p\u00f3lu ledvinn\u00e9ho t\u011bl\u00edska jsou p\u0159\u00edtomny je\u0161t\u011b mezangi\u00e1ln\u00ed bu\u0148ky. Tyto bu\u0148ky jsou schopn\u00e9 regulovat pr\u016fsvit kapil\u00e1r, fagocytovat a rovn\u011b\u017e produkovat sign\u00e1ln\u00ed l\u00e1tky (cytokiny) jako nap\u0159\u00edklad endoteliny a prostaglandiny. Kontrakce svalov\u00fdch bun\u011bk obsa\u017een\u00fdch ve st\u011bn\u011b arteri\u00ed je \u0159\u00edzena sign\u00e1ly, k nim\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed nap\u0159. angiotensin II nebo NO, kter\u00e9 zahajuj\u00ed kontrakci a n\u00e1sledn\u011b p\u016fsob\u00ed i na mezangi\u00e1ln\u00ed bu\u0148ky a ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed tak pr\u016fsvit kapil\u00e1r.\n\nDana Vok\u0159\u00e1lov\u00e1, 3008, email: Dada.77@seznam.cz <mailto:Dada.77@seznam.cz> ",
"desc_en": "Nephron begins as the renal corpuscle, which consists of a system of capillaries termed glomerular capillaries surrounded by Bowmann\u2019 s capsule. The afferent and efferent arterioles along with the glomerular capillaries constitute the rete mirabile arteriosum and their endothelial cells contain pores without a diaphragm. Bowmann\u2019 s capsule has two layers - visceral layer formed by podocytes that surround the basement membrane of capillaries and parietal layer comprising of simple squamous epithelium. Between the two layers is the urinary space, into which the plasma is ultrafiltrated as primary urine (normally does not contain proteins). From the capillaries, the blood enters the efferent arteriole. In the wall of the efferent arteriole the juxtaglomerular apparatus is located as an important self-regulatory system of the kidney. Juxtaglomerular cells produce renin (blood pressure regulation) and erythropoietin (erythropoiesis regulation). From the urinary space the primary urine enters the proximal tubule, which is lined with columnar cells. The visceral layer is formed by podocytes, whose bodies form primary and secondary processes called pedicles that interdigitate with neighboring podocytes (between them is the diaphragm). They enclose the fenestrated glomerular capillaries and form the filter barrier between blood and urinary space. Mesangial cells are found in the mesangium in the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle. They are capable of changing the diameter of capillaries, phagocytosis, and synthesizing signal substances (cytokines), such as endothelins and prostaglandins. The signals, such as antiotensin II or NO, cause contraction of smooth muscle cells in the arterial wall, while the activity of mesangial cells can also influence the lumen of blood vessels.\n\n Michaela Varys, 3053, email: varys.michaela@gmail.com <mailto:varys.michaela@gmail.com>",
"insert_who": "Bara.kapustova",
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"idx": "20058+",
"txt_cz": "Macula densa",
"txt_en": "",
"desc_cz": "",
"desc_en": "",
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"idx": "20058+",
"txt_cz": "Mesangium",
"txt_en": "Mesangium",
"desc_cz": "Mesangium se d\u011bl\u00ed na vnit\u0159n\u00ed (intraglomerul\u00e1rn\u00ed) a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed (extraglomerul\u00e1rn\u00ed) a je tvo\u0159eno mesangi\u00e1ln\u00edmi bu\u0148kami, kter\u00e9 vypl\u0148uj\u00ed prostory mezi kapil\u00e1rami. \n\nKapil\u00e1ry jsou obklopeny v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eky podocyt\u016f.",
"desc_en": "The mesangium is divided into the inner (intraglomerular) and outer (extraglomerular) mesangial cells which fill in the spaces between the capillaries. Immediately surrounding the capillaries are the podocyte processes.",
"insert_who": "IvaG",
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"idx": "20058+",
"txt_cz": "Mo\u010dov\u00fd prostor",
"txt_en": "Urinary space",
"desc_cz": "Mo\u010dov\u00fd prostor se nach\u00e1z\u00ed mezi pariet\u00e1ln\u00ed a viscer\u00e1ln\u00ed vrstvou Bowmanova pouzdra.",
"desc_en": "The urinary space is enclosed by parietal and visceral layrers of Bowman's capsule.",
"insert_who": "IvaG",
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"idx": "20058+",
"txt_cz": "Sb\u011brac\u00ed kan\u00e1lek",
"txt_en": "Collecting tubule",
"desc_cz": "",
"desc_en": "",
"insert_who": "Gurka",
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"idx": "20058+",
"txt_cz": "Tenk\u00fd segment Henleovy kli\u010dky",
"txt_en": "Thin limb of loop of Henle",
"desc_cz": "",
"desc_en": "",
"insert_who": "Gurka",
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"idx": "20058+",
"txt_cz": "Tlust\u00fd segment Henleovy kli\u010dky",
"txt_en": "Thick limb of loop of Henle",
"desc_cz": "",
"desc_en": "",
"insert_who": "Gurka",
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"idx": "20058+",
"txt_cz": "Urotel",
"txt_en": "Urothelium (Pelvis renalis)",
"desc_cz": "",
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