Mikroskop:20142/annot
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"idx": "20142+",
"txt_cz": "1. Arterie svalov\u00e9ho typu",
"txt_en": "Muscular artery",
"desc_cz": "Art\u00e9rie svalov\u00e9ho se vyzna\u010duje tenkou vrstvou tunica media tvo\u0159enou a\u017e 40 vrstvami bun\u011bk hladk\u00e9 svaloviny a membranou elasticou externou. Tunica intima obsahuje membranu elasticu internu. V tunice extern\u011b se nach\u00e1z\u00ed nervov\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna, lymfatick\u00e9 c\u00e9vy a vasa vasorum. ",
"desc_en": "Muscular arteries contain a thick tunica media with large smooth muscle bundles.",
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"txt_cz": "1.1. Endotel",
"txt_en": "Endothelium",
"desc_cz": "Endotelov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky maj\u00ed polygon\u00e1ln\u00ed tvar a jsou prot\u00e1hl\u00e9 ve sm\u011bru osy c\u00e9vy. J\u00e1dra jsou ov\u00e1ln\u00e1 a maj\u00ed hrubou chromatinovou strukturu. Endotelov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z angioblast\u016f krevn\u00edch ostruvk\u016f, kter\u00e9 vznikaj\u00ed z mezechymu. Endotelov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky reguluj\u00ed tonus krevn\u00ed c\u00e9vy a pr\u016ftok krve sekrec\u00ed faktor\u016f ovliv\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edch kontrakci hladk\u00e9 svaloviny.\n\nEndotel (nen\u00ed epitel) je tvo\u0159en jednou vrstvou endotelov\u00fdch bun\u011bk. Funguje jako polopropustn\u00e1 bari\u00e9ra mezi krv\u00ed a interstaci\u00e1ln\u00ed tk\u00e1\u0148ovou tekutinou. M\u00e1 antitrombogenn\u00ed povrch to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se na n\u011bm nesr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed krev. Endotel kontruje a zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u00fdm\u011bnu molekul. Pr\u00e1v\u011b sprost\u0159edkov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm v\u00fdm\u011bny molekul se pod\u00edl\u00ed na z\u00e1n\u011btliv\u00e9 a lok\u00e1ln\u00ed imunitn\u00ed odpov\u011bdi.",
"desc_en": "The endothelium is composed of a simple squamous layer of endothelial cells.",
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"txt_cz": "1.1.1. Tunica intima",
"txt_en": "Tunica intima",
"desc_cz": "Tunica intima je u arteri\u00ed tvo\u0159ena vrstvou endotelov\u00fdch bun\u011bk a vrstvou subendotelov\u00e9ho vaziva. V tunice intimn\u011b u v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch art\u00e9ri\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1 i membrana elastica interna.",
"desc_en": "The arterial tunica intima contains the following layers: endothelium, subendothelium, and internal elastic membrane.",
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"txt_cz": "1.1.2. Membrana elastica interna",
"txt_en": "Membrana elastica interna",
"desc_cz": "Membrana elastica interna se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na rozhran\u00ed tunica interna a tunica media. Je to typick\u00e1 fenestrovan\u00e1 membr\u00e1na pro arterii svalov\u00e9ho typu. Fenestrace umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed snadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed difuzi l\u00e1tek z krve do hlub\u0161\u00edch vrstev st\u011bny arterie.",
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"txt_cz": "1.2. Tunica media",
"txt_en": "1.2. Tunica media",
"desc_cz": "Tunica media je nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vrstvou st\u011bny arteri\u00ed. Je slo\u017een\u00e1 z cirkul\u00e1rn\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dan\u00e9 vrstvy hladk\u00e9ho svalstva. Mezi hladkou svalovinou jsou rozpt\u00fdlena elastick\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna, retikul\u00e1rn\u00ed vl\u00e1kna, glykoproteiny a proteoglykany. Na synt\u00e9ze retikul\u00e1rn\u00edch a elastick\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken se pod\u00edlej\u00ed i bu\u0148ky hladk\u00e9 svaloviny (endomysium).\n\n",
"desc_en": "The tunica media of the muscular artery contains a layer of concentrically arranged smooth muscle cells and the external elastic membrane. Dispersed between the smooth muscle are elastic fibers, reticular fibers, gycoproteins, and proteoglycans. ",
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"txt_cz": "1.2.1 Elastick\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna",
"txt_en": "Elastic fibers",
"desc_cz": "Elastick\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna jsou tvo\u0159ena vl\u00e1knitou slo\u017ekou a vrstvou mikrofibril, t\u011bm d\u00e1v\u00e1 za vznik fibrilin. Vl\u00e1knitou slo\u017eku p\u0159edstavuje elastin, je\u017e je ve st\u0159edu elastick\u00e9ho vl\u00e1kna. \n\n Pro barven\u00ed elastick\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken se u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed barviva jako je aldehyd fuchsin, resorcin-fuchsin \u010di orcein, je\u017e je pou\u017eit zde.",
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"txt_cz": "1.2.2. Membrana elastica externa",
"txt_en": "External elastic membrane",
"desc_cz": "Membr\u00e1na elastica externa se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na rozhran\u00ed mezi tunica media a tunica externa. Je typick\u00e1 pro arterii svalov\u00e9ho typu.",
"desc_en": "The external elastic membrane separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia.",
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"txt_cz": "1.3. Tunica adventitia",
"txt_en": "Tunica externa (adventitia)",
"desc_cz": "Tunica adventitia je nejzevn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vrstva st\u011bny c\u00e9vy. Je tvo\u0159ena \u0159\u00eddk\u00fdm kolagenn\u00edm vazivem v n\u011bm\u017e jsou longitudin\u00e1ln\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na elastick\u00e1 a kolagenn\u00ed vl\u00e1kna. U tlust\u00fdch c\u00e9v se v tunica adventitia a zevn\u00ed vrstv\u011b tunica media nach\u00e1z\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b vasa vasorum a nervov\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna. Tunica adventitia navazuje na stroma org\u00e1n\u016f.",
"desc_en": "The tunica externa of the muscular artery con tai ns the vasa vasorum and fibrous connective tissue of collagen type 1 and elastic fibers.",
"insert_who": "Am\u00e1lie Rozenbaumov\u00e1",
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{
"idx": "20142+",
"txt_cz": "2. V\u00e9na",
"txt_en": "Vein",
"desc_cz": "V\u00e9ny p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed krev z mikrocirkula\u010dn\u00edho \u0159e\u010di\u0161t\u011b zp\u011bt k srdci. Krev je k srdci dov\u00e1d\u011bna za pomoci kontrakc\u00ed hladk\u00e9 svaloviny tunici medii a tlakem p\u0159ilehl\u00e9 kostern\u00ed svaloviny.\n\nNa prepar\u00e1tu je patrn\u00e1 velmi tlust\u00e1 tunica adventita ve struktu\u0159e st\u011bny v\u00e9ny. Nejsou zde \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 elastick\u00e9 membr\u00e1ny odd\u011bluj\u00edc\u00ed vrstvy.",
"desc_en": "",
"insert_who": "Am\u00e1lie Rozenbaumov\u00e1",
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"txt_cz": "2.1. Tunica intima",
"txt_en": "2.1. Tunica intima",
"desc_cz": "Tunica intima st\u0159edn\u00edch c\u00e9v se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z endoteli\u00e1ln\u00edch bun\u011bk a subendoteli\u00e1ln\u00ed vrstvy. Subendoteli\u00e1ln\u00ed vrstvu tvo\u0159\u00ed vazivo.",
"desc_en": "The tunica intima of a medium vein is composed of endothelial cells and a subendothelial layer. ",
"insert_who": "Am\u00e1lie Rozenbaumov\u00e1",
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},
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"txt_cz": "2.2. Tunica media",
"txt_en": "2.2. Tunica media",
"desc_cz": "Tunica media u v\u00e9n je tvo\u0159ena \u0159\u00eddk\u00fdm kolagenn\u00edm vazivem, n\u011bkdy obsahuje cirkul\u00e1rn\u011b orientovan\u00e9 bu\u0148ky hladk\u00e9ho svalu. Nalezneme v n\u00ed elastick\u00e1 a retikul\u00e1rn\u00ed vl\u00e1kna.",
"desc_en": "The tunica media of a medium vein contains smaller bundles of smooth muscle when compared with the tunica media of an artery. Elastic and reticular fibers are present. ",
"insert_who": "Am\u00e1lie Rozenbaumov\u00e1",
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},
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"idx": "20142+",
"txt_cz": "2.2.1. Elastick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kno",
"txt_en": "Elastic fiber",
"desc_cz": "Elastick\u00e1 vl\u00e1kna jsou tvo\u0159ena vl\u00e1knitou slo\u017ekou a vrstvou mikrofibril, t\u011bm d\u00e1v\u00e1 za vznik fibrilin. Vl\u00e1knitou slo\u017eku p\u0159edstavuje elastin, je\u017e je ve st\u0159edu elastick\u00e9ho vl\u00e1kna. \n\n Pro barven\u00ed elastick\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken se u\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed barviva jako je aldehyd fuchsin, resorcin-fuchsin \u010di orcein, kter\u00fd je zde pou\u017eit.",
"desc_en": "Elastic fibers are visible with orcein staining.",
"insert_who": "Am\u00e1lie Rozenbaumov\u00e1",
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"txt_cz": "2.3. Tunica adventitia",
"txt_en": "Tunic externa (adventitia)",
"desc_cz": "Tunica adventitia je tvo\u0159ena \u0159\u00eddk\u00fdm kolagenn\u00edm vazivem v n\u011bm\u017e jsou longitudin\u00e1ln\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1na elastick\u00e1 a kolagenn\u00ed vl\u00e1kna z kolagenu typu I (ten je produkov\u00e1n fibroblasty). U tlust\u00fdch c\u00e9v se v tunica adventitia a zevn\u00ed vrstva tunica media nach\u00e1z\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b vasa vasorum. Tunica adventitia navazuje na stroma org\u00e1n\u016f.\n\n",
"desc_en": "The well developed tunica externa (also known as tunic adventitia) contains collagen type 1 and elastic fibers. Some small blood vessels are also present.",
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},
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"txt_cz": "3. Perifern\u00ed nerv",
"txt_en": "Axon",
"desc_cz": "Perifern\u00ed nerv se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z jednotliv\u00fdch nervov\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken obalen\u00fdmi nervov\u00fdmi obaly, endoneuriem, epineuriem a perineuriem. Na prepar\u00e1tu perifern\u00edho nervu nikdy nejsou vid\u011bt j\u00e1dra neuron\u016f. Vid\u00edme zde ov\u0161em j\u00e1dra gliov\u00fdch bun\u011bk \u010di fibroblast\u016f (\u017elut\u00e9 \u0161ipky).",
"desc_en": "Unstained axon",
"insert_who": "Am\u00e1lie Rozenbaumov\u00e1",
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"txt_cz": "3.1. Epineurium",
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"desc_cz": "Epineurium obaluje povrch nervu. Je tvo\u0159eno hust\u00fdm kolagenn\u00edm vazivem. U epineuria rozli\u0161ujeme vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, hust\u0161\u00ed, a vnit\u0159n\u00ed, \u0159id\u0161\u00ed, vrstvu kolagenn\u00edho vaziva. Ve vnit\u0159n\u00ed vrstv\u011b se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed krevn\u00ed c\u00e9vy.",
"desc_en": "",
"insert_who": "Am\u00e1lie Rozenbaumov\u00e1",
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"txt_cz": "3.2. Perineurium",
"txt_en": "Perineurium",
"desc_cz": "Perineurium obaluje svazky nervov\u00fdch vl\u00e1ken a vyb\u00edh\u00e1 v septa. Je tvo\u0159eno n\u011bkolika vrstvami ploch\u00fdch bun\u011bk a kolagenn\u00edmi vl\u00e1kny. Bu\u0148ky perineuria spojuj\u00ed t\u011bsn\u00e9 spoje a jsou lamel\u00e1rn\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny. D\u00edky t\u011bsn\u00fdm spoj\u016fm mezi jednotliv\u00fdmi bu\u0148ky vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed bari\u00e9ru, kter\u00e1 udr\u017euje v rovnov\u00e1ze vnit\u0159n\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch svazk\u016f.",
"desc_en": "Connective tissue surrounding each nerve fascicle (also called bundle).",
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"txt_cz": "Endoneurium",
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"txt_cz": "Vasa vasorum",
"txt_en": "Vasa vasorum",
"desc_cz": "Vasa vasorum se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v zevn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti tunica media a v tunica adventitia v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch c\u00e9v, kde u\u017e pro v\u00fd\u017eivu c\u00e9vy nesta\u010d\u00ed pouze difuze z lumina. Vasa vasorum p\u0159edstavuje arterioly a venuly.",
"desc_en": "The vasa vasorum is composed of arterioles and venules in the tunica externa and outer tunica media in large vessels like the muscular artery. The vasa vasorum in necessary to nourish the tunica externa and outer tunica media because diffusion of nutrients from the lumen of the artery is not sufficient. ",
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